NCERT Solutions for Social History Class 10 Chapter 1

Write in Brief:
Question 1: Write a note on:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini:
Answer:
● He was an Italian revolutionary, born in the year 1807 in Genoa.
● A member of the secret society of Carbonari.
● He was sent to exile in 1831 because he attempted a revolution in Liguria.
● ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne were the names of the societies he founded.
● The members were from Poland, Italy, France, and the German states, who were quite young and like-minded.

(b) Count Camilo de Cavou r:
Answer:
● He was a chief minister in the Sardinia-Piedmont state.
● He led the movement to achieve religious unity in Italy.
● He spoke French quite better compared to Italian.
● He developed a diplomatic alliance with France.
● It helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat Austria in 1859, which made the northern part of Italy free.

(c) The Greek War of Independence:
Answer:
● A successful independence war was waged between 1821 and 1829 by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire.
● Support was provided to the Greeks by West European countries.
● Many artists and poets hailed Greece.
● Greece was recognized as an independent nation by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832.

(d) The Frankfurt Parliament:
Answer:
All-German National Assembly, which was formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen, and artisans belonging to different regions.
● Convened on 18 May in St. Paul Church, in Frankfurt City.
● This assembly helped establish the German nation as a monarchy-headed country with a parliament.
● It faced opposition from the military and aristocracy.
● It was disbanded on 31 May, 1849.

(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles:
Answer:
● Giving political rights to women was controversial with the liberal movement.
● Women formed their political association, under which they founded a newspaper.
● Women were denied suffrage during Assembly election days.
● Women were considered observers who could stand in the visitor’s gallery.

Question 2: What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer: Important steps taken by French revolutionaries to create an identity among the French people include:
● The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) as well as le citoyen (the citizen) is the notion of a united community in which states enjoy equal rights in the constitution.
● A tricolor French flag replaced the royal standard.
● The Estates-General was changed and renamed as the National Assembly.
a group of citizens elected to this National Assembly.
● For the nation, new oaths, hymns, and martyrs were commemorated.
● A central administrative system established a uniform law for the entire nation.

Question 3: Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Answer:
● Marianne and Germania were female allegories of France and Germany, respectively.
● They stood for ideas such as ‘liberty’ and ‘the republic.’
● The public could identify with symbolic meaning, which would bring the feeling of national unity in them.

Question 4: Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer:
● Around the 1800s, the middle-class Germans had nationalistic feelings.
● To create a nation-state from various German states, they united in 1848.
● Military and monarchy together repress them to obtain support from Prussia.
● The leader of the German unification movement was Prussia.
● The Prussian bureaucracy and army supported the chief minister Otto von Bismarck.
● When Prussia won the war against Austria, France, and Denmark, then the process of unification was completed.
● Prussian king, William I, in January 1871, was named German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 5: What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer: Napoleon implemented the following changes to enhance the efficiency of the administrative system:
● A civil code was established in 1804, also called the “Napoleonic Code.”
Before law, it established equality and the right to property.
● The administration was simplified, freed peasants from serfdom, and abolished the feudal system.
● The Guild system was removed from towns. Communication and transportation were improved.
● The new freedom was enjoyed by peasants, businessmen, artisans, and other workers.

Discuss
Question 1: Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What political, social, and economic ideas did the liberals support?
Answer: 
● In the revolution in 1848, liberals referred to national movements as supported by the educated middle class and revolted by the unemployed, poor, and starving workers in Europe.
● In France, widespread food shortages and unemployment in the year 1848 led to uprisings.

● Men and women in other parts of Europe came together to raise their voice for the creation of a nation-state based on principles of parliament.
● Many ideas supported by liberals are:
i) Politically, the demand of a constitution with unification of nationalism, with a constitution and administration of parliament.
ii) Socially, they wanted to get rid of partialities based on class and birth rights.
iii) Economically, they wanted the right to property. Abolition of restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Question 2: Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer:
Three examples that show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:
● Romanticism is a cultural movement in Europe that aimed to develop national unity. This is achieved by creating a feeling of shared common history and heritage. It had an emphasis on emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings, which shape and express the nationalist sentiments. European poets and artists started promoting nationalism to support Greeks in their struggle to create national identity.
● Folk songs, poetry, and dances played a significant role in popularizing the spirit of nationalism in Europe. Recording and collecting different folk cultures for building national consciousness. Common people used to carry messages of nationalism to diverse audiences.
● Language played a huge role in developing the feeling of nationalism in Europe. An example is during Russian occupation, Poles struggled a lot against Russian occupation. The Polish language was removed from schools, and the Russian language was forced everywhere. After defeat in 1831, members of Poland started using languages as a weapon for national resistance. Using languages in masses helped spread the messages of unity and nationalism.

Question 3: Focusing on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the 19th century.
Answer:
Development of German and Italian nation-states in the 19th century:
● Political fragmentation: In the mid-19th century, today’s Germany and Italy were divided into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by various princely houses.
● Revolutionary uprising: The masses and middle-class educated liberals led the uprisings and revolutions in 19th-century Europe. Middle-class German regions came together and formed the German National Assembly in 1848. In the Italian region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries such as Giuseppe Mazzini launched the unitary Italian Republic. Revolutionary uprisings failed to unite Italy in 1831 and 1848.

● Unification with the help of the army: The failure of the revolution led to the unification of German and Italian by the army and aristocracy. The German was proclaimed in 1871. Germany was unified by Otto von Bismark with the support of the Prussian bureaucracy and army.

Question 4: How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer: 
● In Britain, the nation-state formation was not a result of sudden revolution.
● The primary identity of people who inhabited the British Isles was—
English, Welsh, Scottish, or Irish.
● The Union Act of 1707 between Scotland and England formed the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain,’ which means now England will impose influence on Scotland. Culture and political institutions of Scotland were suppressed.
● Scots were not allowed to speak Gaelic and wear their national dress.
● England helped the Protestants of Ireland to bring their dominance to the Catholic country.
● The British flag, national anthem, and language were the symbols of new Britain, which were promoted.
Question 5: Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer:
● Tensions with nationalists emerged in the Balkans since the idea of romantic nationalism spread. The Ottoman Empire used to rule over this area.
● Various Salvic communities in the Balkans began to struggle for independent rule.
● They wanted more territory as they were jealous of each other.
● The imperial power in the Balkans made conditions worse.
● England, Germany, Russia, and Austro-Hungary wanted more control in this area.
● This conflict led to the First World War in 1914.